Amarjit Singh

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Office: POST Building 203I
Phone: (808) 956-3933
Personal Homepage: click here

Areas of Specialty and Research Interest:

  • Construction Claims
  • Dispute Resolution
  • Law in Engineering and Construction
  • Project Management Behavior
  • Organizational Change
  • Construction Safety and Health
  • Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
  • Earned Value Analysis
  • Quality Control and Statistics
  • Productivity Improvement
  • Process Simulation
  • Industrialized Housing
  • Flexible Manufacturing Systems
  • Risk Management
  • Operations Management

Education:

  • Ph.D., Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 1990.
  • M.Eng., Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, 1987.
  • B.Tech., Civil Engineering, I.I.T. Delhi, 1976.

Professional Registrations and Certificates:

  • Professional Engineer, Province of Ontario, Canada.
  • Chartered Engineer, Engineering Council for Registration, UK.
  • Project Management Professional, Project Management Institute, USA.
  • Associate Value Specialist, SAVE Intnl.

Experience:

  • Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UHM, 2009-present.
  • Visiting Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Dec 2006
  • Visiting Associate Professor: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Fall 2006
  • Visiting Scholar, Department of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading, U.K., June-July 2003.
  • Cooperating Graduate Faculty, Dept. of Public Administration, College of Social Sciences, Univ of Hawaii at Manoa, Fall 2002 to date.
  • Visiting Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, Fall 1999.
  • Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UHM, 1997-2009.
  • Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UHM, 1993-1997.
  • Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 1991-1993.
  • Constrn. Consultant, The Foundation Co. of Canada Ltd., Scarborough, Ontario, 1990-1991.
  • Construction Engineer, Various Projects, Kuwait, 1980-1986.
  • Construction Engineer, Gammon India Ltd., Bombay, 1976-1979.
  • Engineering Assistant, Hindustan Prefab Ltd., New Delhi, 1976.

Courses Taught at UHM:

  • CEE 305: Applied Probability and Statistics
  • CEE 375: Construction Materials
  • CEE 405: Engineering Economy
  • CEE 472: Construction Management
  • CEE 474: Cost Estimating
  • CEE 491: Value Engineering
  • CEE 602: Construction Scheduling and Claims
  • CEE 604: Applied Cost Engineering and Quality Control
  • CEE 606: Analysis of Construction Operations
  • CEE 610: Construction Productivity Improvement
  • CEE 614: Negotiation/ADR
  • CEE 672: Project Management Systems
  • CEE 688: Concrete Technology
  • CEE 691: Graduate Seminar
  • CEE 696: Construction Safety
  • CEE 696: Projects
  • CEE 696: Risk Analysis and Decision Making
  • CEE 696: Operations Analysis
  • CEE 699: Directed Reading

Selected Professional Activities:

  • Chair, ISEC Executive Cmte, 2003 to date.
  • Conference Chair, First International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference, Honolulu, January 24-27, 2001.
  • Conference Coordinator, Second International Conference for the Implementation of Safety and Health on Construction Sites, Honolulu, March 24-27, 1999.
  • Chairman, Hawaii Council of Engineering Societies, 1997-98.
  • President, AACE International, Hawaii Chapter, 1995-96.
  • Current Professional Affiliations: AACEI, AIC, ASCE, CIOB, ICE, IE(I), SCEA, SAVE.

Editorship and Editorial Board Member:

  • Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution, ASCE, 2008 to date.
  • Associate Editor, Journal of Leadership and Management in Engineering, ASCE, 2007 to date.
  • Regional Editor, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, Emerald Publishing Group, 2010 to date.
  • Associate Editor - Legal Affairs, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, ASCE, 2002 to 2008.
  • Specialty [Associate] Editor - Contracting, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 2003-2008.
  • Associate Editor - Journal of Cost Analysis and Management, Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis, 2002-2007.
  • North American Editor, Construction Management and Economics, Taylor & Francis, U.K., 2003-2007.
  • Editorial Advisory Board, Construction Innovation, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., U.K., 2007 to date.
  • Member of Editorial Advisory Board, International Journal of Law in the Built Environment, Emeral Publishing Group, since 2008.
  • Editorial Board Member, Construction Management and Economics, Taylor & Francis, U.K., 2007 to date.
  • Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Leadership and Management in Engineering, ASCE, 2007-2007.
  • Advisor, Journal of Building and Construction Management, Hong Kong, 2003 to date.
  • Guest Editor, Special Issue on Computing and Information Technology in Construction Engineering Management, Journal of Computer Applications in Civil and Infrastructure Engineering (CACAEI), Blackwell Publishing, Vol. 17(4), July 2002.
  • Guest Editor, Special Issue on Computer-Integrated Safety Management, International Journal of Computer-Integrated Design and Construction (CIDAC), SETO, London, U.K., Vol. 3(1), Feb 2001.
  • Guest Editor (with F. Yazdani), Special Issue on Structural Engineering and Construction, International Journal of Information Technology in Architecture Engineering and Construction, ITAEC, Millpress, Vol. 1(3), September 2003.

Awards and Honors:

  • Award for Excellence: Highly Commended Award Winner, Journal of Disaster Resilience, Emerald Publishing Group Ltd, UK, April 2012.
  • Certificate of Appreciation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Committee on Professional Practice, 2011
  • Award for Best Paper, Emerald Publishing Group Ltd, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, June 2011.
  • Runner-Up for 2009 Best Paper Award, Leadership and Management in Engineering, ASCE, 2010.
  • University of Hawaii Board of Regents' Excellence in Teaching Award, 2009
  • Best Paper Award, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 2007
  • The Surendranath Mukherjee Memorial Prize, for the best research paper related to practical execution of work, The Institution of Engineers (India), Dec 2005.
  • The Sir Arthur Cotton Memorial Prize, for the best paper published in the Civil Engineering Division's Journal, The Institution of Engineers (India), Dec 2004.
  • Certificate of Appreciation, Equipment Today, 1998, 1999.
  • The 20th Century Award for Achievement, Intnl. Bio. Centre, Cambridge, England, 1999
  • Eminent Scholar, M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction, University of Florida, Gainesville Nov. 1998.
  • Best Paper of the Year, 1st South African Construction Health and Safety Conference, Cape Town, S. Africa, 7-10 Oct., 1997.
  • Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers
  • Fellow, Institution of Civil Engineers (U.K.)
  • Fellow, Institution of Engineers (India)
  • Fellow, Chartered Institute of Building (U.K.)

Selected Extramural Grants:

  1. Singh, A. (P.I.) and Ray, C. (co-PI), "A decision support tool for managing pipe network of the Honolulu Board of Water Supply", funded by United States Geological Survey, 3/1/2009 to 28/2/2011.
  2. Singh, A. (P.I.), "VEM Education Agreement," funded by Lawrence D. Miles Value Foundation, 10/2001 to 9/2011.
  3. Singh, A. (P.I.) "Determination of Interrelationships between Organizational System Variables during Implementation of Change", funded by FHWA & Hawaii Department of Transportation, 11/ 1996 to 8/ 2000.
  4. Singh, A. (P.I.) "Applying Computer Integrated Flexible Manufacturing to Planning and Constructing Economic, Energy-Efficient, and Architecturally Flexible Mass Housing for the World", funded by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 12/1997 - 10/ 1999.
  5. Singh, A. (P.I.); Chiu, A. (co-PI), "Planning for 2nd International Conference for Implementation of Safety and Health on Construction Sites, CIB W-99", funded by National Science Foundation, 6/1997 to 8/1999.
  6. Singh, A. (P.I.) "Fall Protection Investigation in Roof Repair and Construction for Residential Buildings in Hawaii.", funded by Hawaii Occupational Safety and Health Division (HIOSH), 11/1996 - 6/1998.
  7. Singh, A. (P.I.) "Investigation of Excavation and Blasting Regulations and Specifications with regard to Safety for Construction Work in Volcanic Rock on the Big Island", funded by Hawaii Department of Industrial and Labor Relations, 01/1995 - 06/1996.

Selected Publications:

  1. Adachi, S. and Singh, A., Expectation Analysis of Probability of Failure at a Water Utility, Journal of Pipeline Systems and Practice, Vol. 3(2), pp. 36-46, May 2012.
  2. Ishibashi, M. and Singh, A., Evolution of Common Law: Promissory Estoppel, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 170-177, Nov 2011.
  3. Singh, A., Bayesian Analysis for Causes of Failure at a Water Utility, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, Vol. 1(2), pp. 195-210, Nov 2011.
  4. Caroee, M. and Singh, A., Dispute between Finland and Denmark for Shipping through the Great Belt, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol. 3 (3), pp. 133-140, Aug 2011.
  5. Singh, A., Adachi, S., and Inouye, M. Quality Control Analysis of Downtime and Time to Repair for Water Supply Pipes, Built Environment Project and Asset Management, Emerald Publishers, Vol 1 (1), pp. 75-90, July 2011.
  6. Jacob Tyler and Amarjit Singh, Enhancing Post-Earthquake Disaster Resilience, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, Vol. 2 (2), pp. 103-117, May 2011.
  7. Singh, A. and Adachi, S. Facility Condition Index for Asset Management at a Water Utility, American Professional Constructor, Vol. 34 (01), pp. 16-24, May 2011.
  8. Singh, A., The Case for Declaring a Financial Emergency for Infrastructure Development in India: A Civil Engineer's Perspective, Journal of Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 11 (2), pp. 182-190, Apr 2011.
  9. Singh, A. and Adachi, S., Pipe Efficiency Analysis at a Water Utility, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, Vol. 2(1), pp. 23-34, Feb 2011.
  10. Peter J. Boucher, M. Scott Devlin, and Amarjit Singh, Regulations and Liabilities of Constructed Wetlands for Aquacultural Wastewater Treatment, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 41-51, Feb 2011.
  11. Goto, D. and Singh, A., The Ka Loko Dam Break, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol. 2(4), pp. 198-207, Nov 2010.
  12. Singh, A., Moisture Correction Calculations in ACI-Recommended Concrete Mix Design, Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 53-58, Sep 2010.
  13. Taam, T., and Singh, A., Area Cost Factors: Methodology in Preliminary Construction Cost Estimating. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing, 2010.
  14. Singh, A. and Jampel, G., The Leadership Flexibility Space, Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 26(4), pp. 176-188, Oct 2010.
  15. Foley, M. and Singh, A., Case Studies on Negotiation and Mediation for Coastal Zone Conflicts, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol. 2(3), pp. 175-182, Aug 2010.
  16. Devlin, S. and Singh, A., MBTI Personality and Hemisphericity of a U.S. Air Force Group, Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 10(3), pp. 108-120, Jul 2010.
  17. McCormick, M. and Singh, A., Appellate Court Reverses Decision Citing Court Order is Not a Claim, Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, Vol 2 (2), pp. 128-131, May 2010.
  18. Genadio, F. and Singh, A. A Rough Ride On The O’ahu Rail Transit Project, Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 10 (1), pp. 21-31, Jan 2010.
  19. Singh, A., Organizational Power in Perspective, Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 9 (4), pp. 165-176, Oct 2009.
  20. Singh, A. and Singh, A, Leadership Grid between Use of Intuition and Concern for People, Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 9 (2), pp. 71-82, April 2009.
  21. Singh, A., The Future of Energy, Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 9 (1), pp.9-25, Jan 2009.
  22. Singh, A., Shiramizu, S., and Gautam, K., Bid Risk and Contingency Analysis, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 49 (12), pp. 20-27, December 2007.
  23. Shiramizu, S. and Singh, A., Leadership to Improve Quality in Organizations, ASCE J. of Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 129-139, Oct 2007.
  24. Singh, A., Approximate Estimating Method for Typical Buildings, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 49 (8), pp. 28-31, August 2007.
  25. Singh, A. Civil Engineering: An Anachronism and Black Sheep, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 133 (1), January 2007, pp. 18-30.
  26. Singh, Amarjit, Powered, Empowered, or Powerless?, Realpolitik, Oct 2006, pp. 34-36.
  27. Shiramizu, S. and Singh, A., The Influence of the National Performance Review (NPR) on Supervisors in Government Organizations, ASCE J. of Leadership and Management in Engineering, Vol. 6(4), pp. 150-159, Oct 2006.
  28. Singh, A. and Shoura, M. M., A Life Cycle Evaluation of Change in an Engineering Organization: a Case Study, International Journal of Project Management, Elsevier, Volume 24, Issue 4, pp. 337-348, May 2006.
  29. Singh, Amarjit, Fiery Dragon, Sleeping Tiger, Realpolitik, May 2006, pp. 22-24.
  30. Singh, Amarjit, "The Philosophy of Reasonability in Law," Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, ASCE, Vol. 132 (2), pp. 145-148, Apr 2006.
  31. Singh, A., New Findings from Model for Forecasting Project Costs, Journal of Cost Analysis and Management, Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis, pp.21-38, Fall 2005.
  32. Taam, Thomas and Singh, Amarjit, The Planning Charrette, American Professional Constructor, Vol. 29 (1), pp. 19-33, April 2005.
  33. Tiberi, A, Beh, H., and Singh, A., Mechanics Liens in Hawaii, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 130 (4), pp. 311-317, October 2004.
  34. Singh, Amarjit, "Contribution of the Science of Chaos to the Evolution of Law," Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, ASCE, Vol. 130 (4), pp. 296-297, Oct 2004.
  35. Singh, A., Forecast Model for Cost at Project Completion, Journal of Cost Analysis and Management, Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis, pp. 21-45, Summer 2004.
  36. Singh, A., FRHI - A System to Evaluate and Mitigate Rockfall Hazard in Stable Rock Excavations, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 85, pp. 62-75, May 2004.
  37. Singh, Amarjit, "The Philosophy and Conscience of Law," ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 130 (2), pp. 124-127, April 2004.
  38. Singh, Amarjit, "The Principle of Reliance," ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 130 (1), pp. 44-45, Jan 2004.
  39. Singh, A. and Connolly, M., VRFSR - An Empirical Method for Determining Volcanic Rock Excavation Safety on Construction Sites, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 84 (3), pp. 176-191, November 2003.
  40. Taam, T. and Singh, A., Unabsorbed Overhead and the Eichleay Formula, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 129 (4), pp. 234-245, Oct. 2003.
  41. Singh, Amarjit, Accelerated Work-Schedule Design Considering Efficiency Losses for Overtime and Overmanning, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 10 (5), pp. 312-321, Sept. 2003.
  42. Singh, Amarjit, "The Doctrine of Harm in Law," ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 129 (3), pp. 161-162, Jul 2003.
  43. Singh, H. and Singh, A., Principles of Complexity and Chaos Theory in Project Execution: A New Approach to Management, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 44 (12), pp. 23-33, Dec. 2002.
  44. Singh, Amarjit, Organizational Behavior: Welcome, Space Cadets, Engineering News-Record, Vol. 248 (22), McGraw Hill, June 10, 2002.
  45. Singh, Amarjit, Behavior in Design and Construction Organizations, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 9 (2), pp.1-15, April 2002.
  46. Singh, Amarjit, Lean Engineering for Mass Housing - Design, Manufacture, and Site Erection, Journal of Construction Research, Special Issue on Lean Construction, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 97-122, March 2002.
  47. Singh, Amarjit (ed.), Creative Systems in Structural and Construction Engineering, A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 161 9, 1019 pp., 2001.
  48. Singh, Amarjit, Claim Evaluation for Combined Effect of Multiple Claim Factors, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 43 (12), pp. 19-30, December 2001.
  49. Singh, A. and Sakamoto, I., Multiple Claims in Construction Law: Educational Case Study, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 127 (3), pp. 122-129, July 2001.
  50. Singh, A., Fall Protection Safety in Residential Buildings, Chapter 5, Construction Safety and Health Management, pp. 87-114, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2000.
  51. Smith, G., Singh, A. and Fang, D. (eds.), Safety and Health on Construction Sites, CIB Publication No. 241, ISBN 1-886431-07-9, Jan. 2000.
  52. Singh, A., Innovative Fall Protection for Construction Workers on Low-rise Roofs, Rinker Eminent Scholar Lecture Series on Construction Safety and Health, Bldg. Constrn.  Report 001, Publn. 017, 32 pp., Univ. of Florida, 1999
  53. Singh, Amarjit, Hinze, J. and Coble, R. J. (eds.), Implementation of Safety and Health on Construction Sites, A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands, ISBN 90 5809 036 1, 926 pp., 1999.
  54. Shoura, M. M. and Singh, A., Motivation Parameters for Engineering Managers Using Maslow's Theory, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 15 (5), pp. 44-55, Sept/Oct. 1999.
  55. Singh, A. and Shoura, M. M., Assessment of Organizational Change for Public Construction Organizations, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 15 (4), pp. 59-70, July/Aug. 1999.
  56. Stocks, S. and Singh, A., Studies on the Impact of Functional Analysis Concept Design on Reduction in Change Orders, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 17 (3), pp. 251-267, May 1999.
  57. Singh, A. and Shoura, M. M., Improvement of Management Parameters in Public Construction Agency, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 15 (3), pp. 52-59, May/June 1999.
  58. Johnson, H., Singh, A. and Young, R.H.F., Fall Protection Analysis for Workers on Residential Roofs, ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering Management, Vol. 124 (5), pp. 418-428, Oct. 1998.
  59. Singh, A. and Johnson, H., Conflict Management Diagnosis at Project Management Organizations, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 14 (5), pp. 48-63, Sept./Oct. 1998.
  60. Johnson, H. and Singh, A., Personality of Civil Engineers, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 14 (4), pp. 45-56, July/Aug 1998.
  61. Gowda, R., Singh, A., and Connolly M., Holistic Enhancement of the Production Analysis of Bituminous Paving Operations, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 16 (4), pp. 417-432, July 1998.
  62. Singh, A. and Shoura, M. M., Optimization for Bidder Profitability and Contractor Selection, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 40 (6), pp. 31-41, June 1998.
  63. Singh, A., An Investigation and Analysis of Non-Linear Project Cost Forecasting in Earned Value Analysis Using the Beta Family of Equations, Journal of Cost Analysis, Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis, pp. 57-87, Fall 1997.
  64. Singh, A. and Ebeling, K., Experiments to Measure the Influence of Flexibility on Construction Performance, Journal of Flexible Automation and Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 4 (3&4), pp. 189-212, October 1997.
  65. Singh, Amarjit, The Monetary System of Economy Management, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 39 (1), pp. 19-23, January 1997.
  66. Shoura, M. and Singh, A., System Interrelations of Organizational Variables, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 67-79, Jan/Feb. 1997.
  67. Singh A. and Shoura, Max M., Optimizing Bidding Success and Profitability in Airport Runway Construction in French Polynesia, Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 14 (6), pp. 507-530, November 1996.
  68. Singh, Amarjit, Examination of an Emerging Consciousness in Engineering Management, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 12 (4), pp. 50-57, Jul/Aug 1996.
  69. Singh A. and Hamada, H. S., Certificate Program in Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 122 (3), pp. 114-122, July 1996.
  70. Singh, A., Real World Issues in Practical Cost Estimating, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 38 (3), pp. 29-34, March 1996.
  71. Singh, Amarjit, Construction Contracting in Southern Polynesia, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 37 (6), pp. 35-46, June 1995.
  72. Singh, Amarjit and Ebeling, K., Construction Process Simulation Using Standardized Configuration and Model, Project Management Journal, Project Management Institute, Vol. XXV (4), pp. 45-54, Dec 1994.
  73. Singh, Amarjit, An Overview of the Philosophy and Concepts of Flexible Construction Systems, American Professional Constructor, American Institute of Constructors, Vol. 18 (3), pp. 25-35, Sept. 1994.
  74. Singh, Amarjit, An Economic Analysis for the Automation of Hazardous Waste Landfills, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 35 (4), pp. 13-21, April 1993.
  75. Singh, Amarjit, Experience-based Issues in Construction Education, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 118 (4), pp. 388-402, Oct. 1992.
  76. Singh, Amarjit and Talavage, J.J., Methodology for Design of Efficient Flexible Construction Systems, Engineering Management Journal, American Society for Engineering Management, Vol. 3 (3), pp.27-42, Sep. 1991 (management tool article)
  77. Singh, Amarjit, Developing and Implementing C/SCSC, ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 117 (3), pp. 295-308, July 1991.
  78. Singh, Amarjit and Skibniewski, M. J., Development of Flexible Production Systems for Strip Mining, Journal of Mining Science and Technology, Elsevier, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 75-88, July 1991.
  79. Singh, Amarjit, Knowledge Bases for C/SCSC, Cost Engineering, AACE, Vol. 33 (6), pp. 39-49, June 1991.
  80. Singh, Amarjit and Vlatas, D., Using Conflict Management for Better Decision Making, ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 70-82, Jan. 1991.

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